THE ANALYSIS OF SUBSIDY IMPLEMENTATION POLICY OF PIONEER AIR TRANSPORT IN REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN PAPUA PROVINCE
Abstrak
Abstrak: Transportasi merupakan urat nadi perekonomian suatu wilayah. Bagi mereka yang jauh dan mendunia, transportasi udara merupakan sarana penting untuk melayaninya karena kemampuannya yang unik dalam menyediakan layanan transportasi yang cepat. Transportasi menciptakan nilai sosial dengan memungkinkan pengguna untuk mengatasi friksi terkait jarak, geografi, dan biaya. Secara umum, biaya perjalanan dipengaruhi oleh dua komponen, yaitu: (i) komponen Geografis, yang menggambarkan keterpencilan atau sentralitas suatu lokasi; dan (ii) Kualitas jaringan transportasi, yang mengurangi gesekan geografis yang disebabkan oleh lokasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis gambaran kebijakan subsidi, capaian, dan kekurangan dalam implementasi kebijakan, serta merekomendasikan perubahan dalam implementasi kebijakan subsidi angkutan udara perintis di Provinsi Papua. Tulisan ini menggunakan 12 variabel penelitian untuk membuat rekomendasi perubahan implementasi kebijakan subsidi angkutan udara di Provinsi Papua. Variabel tersebut meliputi aksesibilitas, perkembangan ekonomi wilayah, disparitas harga, konektivitas, kesejahteraan masyarakat, minat beli masyarakat, penerimaan pajak, kontinuitas pasokan, jumlah barang kebutuhan pokok, harga barang kebutuhan pokok, pendapatan daerah, dan subsidi penerbangan. Data diolah dengan analisis deskriptif, Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), analisis NVIVO, dan pemodelan dinamika sistem. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (i). Berdasarkan analisis deskriptif diketahui bahwa telah terjadi peningkatan produktivitas dan volume penumpang angkutan udara dan kargo berdasarkan tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Terdapat 3 (tiga) bandara dengan produktivitas tertinggi dari segi jumlah kedatangan dan keberangkatan pesawat, yaitu Bandara Sentani Jayapura, Bandara Wamena, dan Bandara Mozes Kilangin. Persentase nilai realisasi keuangan dibandingkan dengan nilai kontrak subsidi angkutan udara perintis di Provinsi Papua cenderung meningkat dari tahun 2017 ke tahun 2021. Artinya, kinerja keuangan daerah koordinasi bandar udara di Provinsi Papua dalam pelaksanaan subsidi angkutan udara perintis cenderung meningkat; (ii). Berdasarkan analisis kualitatif NVivo, terdapat lebih banyak kendala daripada capaian yang disebutkan oleh informan yang terlibat. Hambatan dalam proses pelaksanaan kebijakan program subsidi di Provinsi Papua mulai dari aspek keterbatasan anggaran, kekurangan armada dan operator percontohan, sarana dan prasarana, dan sumber daya manusia, hingga masalah keamanan wilayah. Simulasi terhadap model kebijakan yang ada untuk pemberian subsidi menunjukkan hubungan sebab akibat seperti yang ada dalam sistem yang sebenarnya. Subsidi yang ada saat ini berdampak signifikan terhadap peningkatan aksesibilitas (menuju daerah perintisan) di Provinsi Papua. Pendapatan daerah akan lebih baik dengan kebijakan subsidi saat ini. Analisis kualitatif NVivo menunjukkan gambaran implementasi kebijakan subsidi transportasi perintis di Provinsi Papua, dimana terjadi fenomena excess demand penerbangan yang mempengaruhi frekuensi dan komposisi anggaran subsidi yang telah ditetapkan; dan (iii). Berdasarkan analisis model kebijakan subsidi dengan sistem dinamis, diketahui bahwa skenario penambahan jumlah subsidi angkutan udara percontohan tidak signifikan terhadap perubahan aksesibilitas, kontinuitas pasokan, kesejahteraan masyarakat, dan pengurangan disparitas harga. Di sisi lain, jika ada skenario pengurangan subsidi, perubahan aksesibilitas, kontinuitas pasokan, kesejahteraan sosial, dan disparitas harga akan berkurang secara signifikan. Terdapat kesepakatan dari seluruh informan dalam penggunaan kebijakan Multiyears Budgeting untuk mendukung implementasi subsidi perintis di Provinsi Papua. Kebijakan ini dinilai berdampak pada kelangsungan layanan dan meningkatkan iklim bisnis maskapai perintis. Pencapaian implementasi kebijakan memerlukan peningkatan standardisasi, konsultasi publik, pemantauan efektivitas kebijakan, dan pengukuran efektivitas kebijakan pada pemangku kepentingan terkait. Kurangnya implementasi kebijakan berupa keterbatasan anggaran, kekurangan armada dan operator penerbangan perintis, sarana dan prasarana, SDM, dan keamanan wilayah. Skenario penambahan subsidi tidak signifikan terhadap perubahan aksesibilitas, kontinuitas pasokan, kesejahteraan masyarakat, dan pengurangan disparitas harga, sebaliknya pengurangan subsidi signifikan atas perubahan tersebut. Tulisan ini menyarankan pemerintah untuk menerapkan Anggaran Multiyear yang akan berdampak pada kesinambungan pelayanan dan peningkatan iklim usaha penerbangan perintis di Provinsi Papua.
Kata kunci: Belanjawan Berbilang Tahun, Dinamik Sistem, Pengangkutan Udara Perintis, Subsidi
Abstract: Transportation is the lifeblood of the economy of a region. For those who are far away and global, air transportation is an important means of dealing with it because of its unique ability to provide fast transportation services. Transportation creates social value by enabling users to overcome frictions related to distance, geography, and cost. In general, travel costs are influenced by two components, namely: (i) the Geographical component, which describes the remoteness or centrality of a location; and (ii) The quality of the transport network, which reduces geographic friction caused by location. This research aims to examine and analyze the subsidy policy description, achievements, and deficiencies in implementing policies, and recommending changes in implementing the pioneering air transport subsidy policy in Papua Province. This paper used 12 research variables to make recommendations for changes to the implementation of air transport subsidy policies in Papua Province. These variables include accessibility, regional economic development, price disparity, connectivity, community welfare, public buying interest, tax revenues, continuity of supply, number of basic goods, prices of basic goods, regional income, and aviation subsidies. Data were processed with descriptive analysis, Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA), NVIVO analysis, and system dynamics modeling.
The results showed that: (i). Based on descriptive analysis, it is known that there has been an increase in productivity and volume of air and cargo passengers based on previous years. There are 3 (three) airports with the highest productivity in terms of the number of arrivals and departures of aircraft, namely Sentani Jayapura Airport, Wamena Airport, and Mozes Kilangin Airport. The percentage of financial realization value compared to the value of pioneer air transport subsidy contracts in the province of Papua tends to increase from 2017 to 2021. This means that the financial performance of coordinating regional airports in Papua Province in implementing pioneering air transportation subsidies tends to increase; (ii). Based on NVivo's qualitative analysis, there were more obstacles than achievements mentioned by the informants involved. The obstacles in the process of implementing the subsidy program policy in Papua Province range from aspects of budgetary constraints, shortages of pilot fleets and operators, facilities and infrastructure, and human resources, to issues of regional security. Simulation of the existing policy model for administering subsidies can show the causal relationship as it exists in the actual system. The current subsidies have significantly impacted increasing accessibility (towards pioneering areas) in Papua Province. Regional income will be better with the current subsidy policy. Based on NVivo's qualitative analysis, shows an overview of the implementation of the pioneering transport subsidy policy in Papua Province, where there is a phenomenon of excess demand for flights that affects the frequency and composition of predetermined budget subsidies; and (iii). Based on the analysis of the subsidy policy model with a dynamic system, it is known that the scenario of increasing the number of pilot air transport subsidies is not significant to changes in accessibility, supply continuity, public welfare, and reducing price disparities. On the other hand, if there is a scenario of reducing subsidies, there will be a significant reduction in changes in accessibility, continuity of supply, social welfare, and price disparities. There is agreement from all informants in using the Multiyears Budgeting policy to support the implementation of pioneer subsidies in Papua Province. This policy is considered to have an impact on service continuity and improve the pioneering airline business climate.
Achievement of policy implementation requires improvements in standardization, public consultation, monitoring of effectiveness policies, and measuring the effectiveness of policies on related stakeholders. Lack of policy implementation in the form of budget constraints, shortage of fleet and operators pioneer flights, facilities and infrastructure, human resources, and regional security. Scenario addition of subsidies is not significant to changes in accessibility, continuity of supply, public welfare, and reducing price disparities, on the other hand reducing subsidies significant for these changes. This paper suggests the government to implement the Multiyear Budget that will have an impact on service continuity and improvement of the pioneering aviation business climate in Papua Province.
Keywords: Multiyear Budget, System Dynamics, Pioneer Air Transport, Subsidies.
